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ipse dixit
''Ipse dixit'', Latin for "he himself said it", is a term used to identify and describe a sort of arbitrary dogmatic statement, which the speaker expects the listener to accept as valid.〔Whitney, William Dwight. (1906). ("''Ipse dixit''" ), ''The Century dictionary and cyclopedia,'' pp. 379–380; Westbrook, Robert B. ("John Dewey and American Democracy", p. 359 ).〕
The fallacy of defending a proposition by baldly asserting that it is "just how it is" distorts the argument by opting out of it entirely: the claimant declares an issue to be intrinsic, and not changeable.〔VanderMey, Randall ''et al.'' (2011). (''Comp'', p. 183 ); excerpt: "Bare assertion. The most basic way to distort an issue is to deny that it exists. This fallacy claims, 'That's just how it is.' "〕
== History ==
The Latin form of the expression comes from the Roman orator and philosopher Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 BC) in his theological studies ''De Natura Deorum'' (''On the Nature of the Gods'') and is his translation of the Greek expression (with the identical meaning) «αὐτὸς ἔφα», an argument from authority made by the disciples of Pythagoras when appealing to the pronouncements of the master rather than to reason or evidence.〔Poliziano, Angelo. (2010). ( ''Angelo Poliziano's Lamia: Text, Translation, and Introductory Studies,'' p. 26 ); excerpt, "In Cicero's ''De natura deorum,'' as well as in other sources, the phrase “Ipse dixit” pointed to the notion that Pythagoras's disciples would use that short phrase as justification for adopting a position: if the master had said it, it was enough for them and there was no need to argue further."〕
Before the early 17th century, scholars applied the ''ipse dixit'' term to justify their subject-matter arguments if the arguments previously had been used by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BC).〔Burton, George Ward. (1909). (''Burton's book on California and its sunlit skies of glory,'' p. 27 ); excerpt, "But by the time of Bacon, students had fallen into the habit of accepting Aristotle as an infallible guide, and when a dispute arose the appeal was not to fact, but to Aristotle's theory, and the phrase, ''Ipse dixit,'' ended all dispute."〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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